Solar and Wind
Photovoltaic costs dropped 90% in a decade. Wind capacity factors improve with taller turbines and offshore farms.
Intermittency Solutions
Grid-scale batteries, pumped hydro, demand shifting, and geographic diversity balance variable supply.
Nuclear Role
Existing nuclear provides steady baseline power. New modular designs may complement renewables long term.
Transition Reality
Full decarbonization requires electrifying transport and heating, not just building more solar panels.